In our ancient literature, there is no instance of the word “caste,” but it is a misnomer of the Spanish and Portuguese word “casta.” Yet, India is often blamed as the originator of the caste system. The main credit for this misconception goes to the politicians of our country, who used caste as a primary tool to secure votes and reach political power. B.R. Ambedkar’s declaration that Hinduism is the root cause of the caste system is ironic, as Hindutva, after the 1990s, became a potent weapon to combat this very system. The significant success of the BJP in successive elections highlights how the Hindutva agenda challenges the deeply entrenched caste-based society. The winds of change are not immediate; it took more than two decades for its effects to unfold. This trend not only questions the future of caste politics but also raises concerns about secular ethos and communal harmony. Another lingering question is whether Hindutva is the ultimate solution or merely a temporary glory.
The Clash: Hindutva vs. Caste Politics
Until the 1990s, most political parties largely ignored caste-based politics. The initial period after independence was focused on healing the wounds of communal clashes following the formation of the border. A closer look at the political scenario of that time reveals that upper castes dominated almost all parties. The self-proclaimed secular party Congress and the left, led by figures like Nehru and Nambodripad, were predominantly Brahmin-led. The Janta Party, formed in 1978 as the first non-Congress government, failed to bring adequate caste representation despite significant support from backward castes. Even towering figures like Babu Jagjeevan Ram and K. Kamraj, recognized by all sections of society as “Jan Netas” (people’s leaders), were sidelined. The 1980s were mostly dominated by the Congress party. It was only in 1989 that coalition parties formed the government, marking the beginning of a new chapter in Indian politics.
The Pivotal 1990s: A Decade of Change
The 1990s is a crucial decade in India’s history, often seen as a game-changer post-independence. While new talents like Akshay Kumar and Ajay Devgn were gracing the silver screen, Sachin Tendulkar was shining on the cricket field, and the Mumbai stock market was setting new records. This decade witnessed a series of significant events: economic turmoil, political instability, and the emergence of a burgeoning middle class with aspirations. It was during this time that voices from the marginalized communities began demanding political representation. In 1990, VP Singh’s government decided to implement the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission, popularly known as the Mandal Commission. This decision created a tense situation for the so-called secular parties like the Communist Party and Congress. In this backdrop, the rise of Hindutva politics took place, offering a healing balm for a caste-polarized society.
The Emergence of Hindutva and Its Impact
Hindutva is not antithetical to secularism but rather its guardian. Parties that claimed to defend secularism openly criticized the construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya. What kind of secularism tries to seize the most significant heritage of the majority community? These parties perpetuated the caste system in the name of caste eradication and never shared power with the marginalized. In contrast, the right-wing party appointed Uma Bharti and Kalyan Singh as Chief Ministers in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, respectively, exhibiting an inclusive culture that adheres to the principles of Lord Ram. The era of the internet and mobile phones made people more aware, unveiling the true faces of those who were practicing caste politics under the mask of socialism and secularism. The results of 2014 and 2019 are testament to the fact that caste-communal and hate politics have no place in this era of Hindutva.
Moving Forward: The Unity of Hindutva
A true Hindu will never support caste hierarchy. The days are gone when some political parties assumed that certain castes would vote for them. In this new global phase, only an inclusive and equality-driven ideology will garner support from the people. Our Prime Minister has already articulated his inclusive vision by stating, “For me, my secularism is India first. The philosophy of my party is justice for all, appeasement for none; this is our secularism.” It’s not time to rest, as we’re witnessing another form of desperation in the opposition, leading to further polarization in society. This is a test of our steadfastness and perseverance. We must mature and become astute in understanding the political environment. Our unity will fortify our country and its ideals.
The Author is a Sociology Scholar from JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (JNU)